The Impact Of Special Education On Children With Disabilities

Introduction: Special education services in Russia have improved enormously since the end of the Soviet Communist Regime. Despite the advances in the special education system, people with disabilities still face discrimination. According to the Human Rights Watch (HRW) report, â€Å"Barriers Everywhere,† Russia has approximately 13 million people with disabilities, including 700,000 children and young adults, yet the environment is still not accessible for people with impairments. In the 20th century, during the Soviet Era, disability was invisible to the public and children with impairments were segregated and taken to faraway institutions. Recently, significant improvements have been made to help people with disabilities acquire the same†¦show more content†¦Media also shows a negative image of them, which is why Apparel makes commercials to spread awareness of disabilities and why it is important for disabled children to join regular schools. Even though there is s till a negative image in Russia of people with disabilities, companies like Apparel and other organizations are working toward improvement. The Human Rights Watch report, â€Å"Russia: End Hurdles for People With Disabilities,† is based on 120 interviews of people with disabilities living in Russia. This report talks about the daily challenges people face because the environment is not accessible for people with disabilities. Some people using wheelchairs report staying at home for days because elevators are broken or nonexistent and some private or public buildings do not have ramps. Even though the laws have improved, â€Å"the reality does not reflect the law† states Andrea Mazzarino, a disability rights researcher at Human Rights Watch (HRW). History of Special Education in Russia: In the 19th century, special educators in Russia learned different techniques for teaching students with disabilities from the European countries. However, during the 20th century, Russia was separated from the world as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution, the Civil War,

Essay on Statement of Philosophy and Educational Goals

Statement of Philosophy and Educational Goals In the following report, I will be discussing my personal philosophy on education and my educational goals. My philosophy will include some of my personal opinions on the nature of students, the nature of knowledge, the purpose of public education, teaching methods and the importance of curriculum. My educational goals will focus on my development plans and future education. I feel that it is natural for students, or for that matter anyone, to want to learn. In my own experience, the pursuit of learning requires a high interest level in the subject matter being taught. You may have the most exciting subject on earth. However, if it is presented in an ineffective†¦show more content†¦I think when social studies are presented in a manner that gives facts, and then allows for interpretation it is most interesting. That leads me to my beliefs on what the purpose of public education is. I feel that the overall purpose of public education is to help students become well- rounded, knowledgeable citizens. I also feel that public education should also be used to encourage students to pursue higher education. As a teacher, I hope to excite children to learn about social studies. Through my classroom, I would feel accomplished if students learned, retained, formed opinions, and sought further knowledge on the subject matter that I taught. In my method of teaching I would tend to be somewhat of an existentialist. I would tend to focus on how students learn. Since history is a large category of social studies, I would want students to learn many things other than simply facts and dates. I would hope to show students that history is made up of â€Å"real people†. I would want to show the culture in which people lived, and relate aspects of that culture to modern day life. When presented in that manner, I think dates and facts of history become much more important. Through such an analysis, I think a student will personally grow and look at history in an entirely new manner. In disciplining my classroom, I would be fair but strict. In my experience, the classrooms that I have in have had discipline problemsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy689 Words   |  3 PagesStatement of Educational Goals and Philosophy I can still remember coming home from school after an exciting day in the first grade. I would go straight to my room, line all of my dolls up in the floor, and â€Å"teach† them everything I had learned earlier that day. But of course, not every child who pretends to be a teacher in his or her early years actually becomes a teacher. So although I enjoyed â€Å"teaching,† I never really considered it as a choice for my life-long career. Read More Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesStatement of Educational Goals and Philosophy As children we have many goals and dreams. Eventually, the time comes when we have to make a career decision based on our interests and goals. The choices that we make now will have a lasting effect on our lives. Like most college students I have explored many career options, but I am always lead back to the education field. Teachers have a very difficult job because they have the power to shape and inspire our future nation. AlthoughRead More Statement of Educational Goals And Philosophy Essay1874 Words   |  8 PagesStatement of Educational Goals And Philosophy The nature of students is that of an instinctive ability to learn. Students of ages and all grade levels reflect their surroundings and respond according to their interpretation. Naturally it is not only the influence of a classroom that shapes a student but many outside factors that determine students’ goals and abilities; for example, healthy encouragement from parents. Students may find a natural ability to perform in one areaRead More My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesMy Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement I believe that each child is a unique individual who needs a secure, caring, and stimulating atmosphere in which to grow and mature emotionally, intellectually, physically, socially, and academically. It is my desire as a future educator to help students meet their fullest potential by providing an environment that is safe, supports risk-taking, and invites a sharing of ideas. There are two elements that I believe are essential to establishingRead More Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay examples1059 Words   |  5 PagesStatement of Educational Goals and Philosophy Knowledge is a very powerful thing, and to be able to deliver this to today’s youth has been a dream of mine for a long time. There are many advantages to teaching. I feel that is a very fulfilling profession. I have seen my sister in the classroom, and it greatly inspired me to want to make a difference in some ones life. Through watching my sister in action I was inspired to follow in her footsteps. I believe that each child has the willRead MoreEssay on My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement1439 Words   |  6 PagesMy Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement The most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others -Grayson Kirk. The teaching philosophy of progressivism focuses on developing the whole child. This philosophy not only teaches the core subject material, but it also allows the teacher to help develop the person the child is going to be. John Dewey, founderRead More My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesMy Education Philosophy Developing a personal education philosophy is a process that may never end, but I believe that I am in the midst of creating one based on my own experiences and the lessons I am receiving in college. After examining the various education philosophies outlined in the â€Å"Teachers, Schools Society† textbook by Myra Pollack Sadker and David Miller Sadker, I have decided that my present philosophy is an eclectic combination of Essentialism andRead More My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essays1035 Words   |  5 PagesMy Eclectic Educational Philosophy Thinking back on the years of high school, I remember having wonderful experiences both inside the classroom and out. I had influential teachers and the drive to succeed in order to obtain a higher education. I realize that not all students have that drive to continue their education, but as an aspiring educator I wish to seek and find that drive in each of my students. The famous philosopher and educator, John Dewey, once said, The aim of educationRead More My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essay721 Words   |  3 PagesMy Education Philosophy I’ve always believed very strongly in hard work, perseverance, strong moral character. These traits to me are what exemplifies a superior teacher that has the privilege to touch many lives and change the world we live in. Hardwork is something that isn’t artificial, or can’t be bought. It’s a very special characteristic that sets people apart in the respect that it shows who want’s to be successful and make a difference and who doesn’t. InRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1476 Words   |  6 PagesAbaya, PhD Personal Philosophy of Education Submitted by: Wessam Elamawy . Personal Philosophy of Education Introduction: From the very beginning of my life I recognized the importance of higher education. I am 34 years old. I am Egyptian. I was born in a highly educated family . My father earned a Ph.D. in chemistry. My uncle earned a Ph.D. in Engineering . My aunt is a doctor. My grandparents were highly educated and they were great leaders in the educational field. This shaped

Plot over The Lottery - 1503 Words

An Imperfect Society Shirley Jackson wrote â€Å"The Lottery† in 1948 with a purpose in mind. Upon hearing the title, many readers think about a lottery in people want to win due to the fact that they could win millions of dollars. However, this is not the case in Jackson’s version where the lottery is one in which the winner is stoned to death. Jackson’s focus in this story is that society is flawed, imperfect, and sometimes stuck in the past. She declared that her purpose was â€Å"to shock the story’s readers with a graphic demonstration of the pointless violence and general inhumanity in their own lives† (Jackson 239). Her goal is for the reader to notice these traits of society upon evaluating the plot, point of view, and†¦show more content†¦Jackson makes the statement, â€Å"Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to use stones† (244). The next element to look at i s whether or not the author gives the reader access to any character’s consciousness. In reading the story the reader can tell how certain characters feel by listening to what they say. An example of this is when Old Man Warner states, â€Å"It’s not the way it used to be. People ain’t the way they used to be† (244). The reader can tell that he is frustrated because people are not responding to the lottery as they used to. However, Jackson does not allow the reader access into any character’s consciousness and let him or her know how a particular character feels outside of what that character says. The third concept involves the narrator’s position and presence, which determines whether that person is involved in the story or not. If the narrator is involved in the story, the reader must then determine if that character is a major or minor character and if his or her presence is pervasive, dominate, or obtrusive. Jackson’s use of t he narrator in this story is one that is an outside observer looking in at the events unfolding and not a participant in the story. The fourth and final concept of point of view is the reliability of the narrator. The reader must determine if they find the narrator believable or not. The fact that the narrator inShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson918 Words   |  4 PagesThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson, is a short story about an annual lottery draw in a small town. The story sets place in a small town of three hundred or so people. The theme of destructive tradition pervades the text, beginning with irony manner of choosing the person and, of course, ultimately leading to the person’s death. Every year a lottery is held, in which one someone is cruelly chosen to be stoned to death by the people in the town to be able to provide more for the others in the town. TheRead MoreThe Lottery Short Story847 Words   |  4 Pagesdramatic. â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story written by Shirley Jackson, and it is a great example of a story that uses all three types. Parts of the story and the whole story itself use irony to confuse but entertain the reader. Situational irony is defined as something happening that was the opposite of what was expected. â€Å"The Lottery† uses situational irony for the entire plot of the story. In the beginning of the story, families are gathering in the town square to draw names for a lottery. The settingRead MoreThe Use Of Characterization In The Lottery By Shirley Jackson902 Words   |  4 Pages inhumane lottery in a situation in which the town goes together, the results may be a terrible end in a young life. In â€Å"The Lottery† written by, Shirley Jackson, the main character Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson’s and the town folk are the main characters of this story. In â€Å"The Lottery† Shirley Jackson uses the use of characterization to portray the main ideas of the story. Shirley Jackson also uses the use of plot structure and the point of view in which the story is being told. The Lottery is a way toRead MoreComparing The Lottery and Hills Like White Elephants Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesComparing â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† â€Å"The Lottery† written by Shirley Jackson is a story based off of its point of view, the story would not be told or understood in the same way if it was written in a different point of view. This story keeps the interest of its readers because it has a point of view where only the people in the story know whats going to happen and know more information than the readers do. If this story was written in first person the readers would knowRead MoreEssay on The Use of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery, Shirley Jackson uses symbolism to make us aware of the pointless nature of humanity regarding tradition and violence. The story starts off on a beautiful summer day in a small town. The author describes the day as very euphoric but strikes a contrast between the atmosphere of the town and the atmosphere of the people gathered in the square. The atmosphere is subdued, where the children are gathered aroundRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1226 Words   |  5 PagesSignificance of Mr. Summers’ Character in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson In the short story, The Lottery, Jackson applies Mr. Summers’ character to highlight his significant role in the village’s life as a whole and more particularly in the lottery. It is also significant to note that the character is also a deep irony in relation to the plot of the story. Mr. Summers is the most notable figure and an important person of all the people who manage the lottery. The lottery is held on June 27th, which is notedRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery1303 Words   |  6 PagesAZQuotes). In Shirley Jacksons chilling story The Lottery, a town celebrates a special custom of stoning people to death every year. Jackson perfectly depicts a possible event that may occur from blindly following tradition without evaluating the purpose or usefulness of it in the first place. Jackson’s use of plot, theme, and symbolism reveal the evil reality of blind faith, tradition, and their consequences. Initially, Jackson’s twisted plot reveals the infinite, vicious cycle that a traditionRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson Setting Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pageslittle town sound like a setting fit for a stoning occurring later that day? The setting of a story is very important to the storyline and gives meaning to each element and theme of the story. The setting of â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson has extremely significant meaning to the plot of this story. The setting represents elements of irony, tradition, and unity. The mood in the beginning of the story is cheerful and appears to be a normal day. The children are playing, the men are talking aboutRead MoreThe Day Of The Lottery1397 Words   |  6 Pagesin a small town are gathering on a warm, beautiful summer day in the square for the lottery. The children, who have just finished school, are playing while waiting on their parents to meet them in the square and are gathering up rocks into a pile off to the side. Everyone enters the square and the parents call their children over to stand with the family. Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves, the men who conduct the lottery, arrive in the square with the black box. The box is falling apart and Mr. SummersRead MoreTheme Of Empathy In The Lottery803 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Empathy Empathy is fundamental to institute showing sympathy and understanding towards other people. The two stories, â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"The Interlopers†, are centered around solidifying how significant empathy is. The authors in both of the stories use specific literary devices to get their message across. The techniques they use include situational irony, characterization, and pacing. Each of these devices help create the mood of their stories, which aids in your understanding

The American Dream - 1011 Words

Brie Alford HNRS 195H (01) Fall 2015 Short Essay #1 We, as humans, are meant for â€Å"something more than mere survival† (FDR Economic Bill of Rights). We are meant for complex ideas, groundbreaking inventions and technological advances, a sense of community, and a place where freedom and opportunity run rampant throughout the streets. We are meant for the American Dream. I fear, however, that as time has passed, America has lost sight of the true ideals entrenched in the idea of the American Dream. Americans seem to believe that because of their mere presence in America they should be clothed in the finest silk and own a house the size of Texas. We seem to believe that our freedom of speech inherently grants us the right to degrade others. We seem to believe that because we live in America, everything should be handed to us on a silver platter. We, as a nation, seem to have forgotten the men who â€Å"[pledged their] Lives, [their] Fortunes, and [their] Sacred Honor† in exchange for this dream, and the responsibility we have, as Americans, to respect and appreciate the opportunities that have been given to us; namely the right to freedom, opportunity, and the pursuit of happiness (Declaration of Independence). The American Dream grants the right to freedom. I perceive freedom as the right to be, act, and do as I please, so long as my actions do not infringe upon another’s rights. As Lyndon Johnson explained, The American Dream does not guarantee â€Å"the right to holler fire in aShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

Quality Management Tool Free Essays

Abstract Quality management, known also as quality control, is a system utilized by all types of businesses all around the world. This type of management system has the ability to assist any type of organization provide consumers with the best product and/or service possible by managing its activities, this points to an increase in its usefulness and productivity. Through the many types of systems used for quality management, a business can monitor and measure the quality of its products and/or services being offered to consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Management Tool or any similar topic only for you Order Now An effective quality management system helps a business to increase its competitive edge, increase its organizational development, highlight its customer satisfaction, and more. Total quality management tools embody specific items an organization can use to evaluate the success of the process. Some mutual total quality management tools include Pareto charts, scatter plots, flowcharts, and tree diagrams. Each one allows for a specific review of a company’s operations. Companies can use these tools together or individually, depending on the scope of a company’s total quality management. Managers have a variety of tools and techniques known as the Seven Management and Planning Tools, my paper will highlight the Tree diagram. The seven new management planning tools are a set of tools that arose out of Japanese innovation in the post-World War Two period. They were popularized through the publication of the book â€Å"Seven New Quality Tools for Managers and Staff† which became available in English in 1983. These tools were popularized in the United States by the consulting firm GOAL/QPC, and have been used by a number of firms since 1984 to improve their quality planning and improvements efforts. Many organizations formally combined these tools into policy deployment activities. Although these tools are no longer truly new tools they are, nonetheless, commonly used by businesses and are still valuable to today’s managers, therefore managers should, familiarize themselves with these tools. The seven tools provide managers with improved capability to make better decisions and facilitate the implementation process. The tree diagram is a tool to map out the paths and task necessary to complete a specific project or reach a specified goal. To omplete the diagram starts with one item that branches into two or more, each of which branch into two or more, and continues. It resembles a tree, with trunk and lots of branches. This tool is used to minimize extensive categories into smaller detail points. Developing the tree diagram helps you move your thinking step by step from generalities to specifics The Tree Diagram can be used in many different situations such as when an issu e is known or being addressed in broad generalities and you must move to specific details, such as when to develop logical steps to achieve an objective. It is also used when developing actions to carry out a solution or other plan, when analyzing processes in detail, and when probing for the root cause of a problem. To successful build a tree diagram a team can be established to recommend steps to solve the problem or implement the plan. Everyone should agree on the main goal before beginning. The main task involved and accomplishing the goal is very important. The procedures used in the diagram are to develop a statement of the goal, project, plan, problem or whatever is being studied. The content of the diagram will vary based on the goal of the project. For example an organization focused on improving workforce management would base there diagram on the issues related to improving human resources. As we are all aware human resources holds the key to sustained quality improvement. Consequently the human resources department must be a first-class quality organization itself. It can accomplish this by applying total quality management principles to its own internal operations; and design human resource practices for support a total quality- orientation. The tree diagrams as fairly simple and routine, but business owners and managers must have a certain level of experience to complete decision-tree related to finance. Decision trees typically require certain knowledge of quantitative or statistical experience to complete the process accurately. Failing to accurately understand decision trees can lead to a distorted outcome of business opportunities or decision possibilities. Decision trees normally need internal and external information concerning the business and its operating environment. Owners and managers have to be able to gather the simple pieces of information to accurately measure the opportunities listed on the decision tree. It can also be challenging to include variables on the decision tree, eliminate duplicate information or relay information in a rational, steady fashion. Owners and managers must also decide whether the decision tree should represent dollars, percentages or a combination. The inability to complete the decision tree using only one set of information can be somewhat difficult. While unfinished information can create complications in the decision-tree process and abundance of information can also be an issue. Owners and managers can create a â€Å"paralysis of analysis,† where these individuals face too much information when making a decision. Instead of making a decision and progressing the company’s mission or vision, owners and managers spend more time looking at decision trees. Decision trees can require more analysis than other analysis methods and slow down the decision-making process Conclusion Quality Management System according to ISO-9001:20 in place in an organization is always a good idea, simply because it will give you many advantages such as complying with an increasing number of customers’ requirements for a Quality Management System, besides improving your organizations business management system, your organizational performance and increasing the global recognition to be able to compete in the markets. Companies depend on their customers and therefore should understand current and future customer needs, and should meet customer requirements and strive to exceed customer expectations. By incorporating the management tools it allows a company to identify the root causes that hinder its ultimate goal of quality and implement solutions to address those problems. References (Second Edition, 2004 Excerpted from The Quality Toolbox, 2nd Addition) (E, 2008 Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence) (http://www. wisegeek. com/what-are-the-different-types-of-total-quality-management-tools. htm) (Covey, 2004 The 7 Habits of Hightly Effective People Covey, Stephen R. Simon Schuster Inc. ) How to cite Quality Management Tool, Papers

Alternative Plans and Decision Making Processâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Analysis Alternative plans and decision making process of superannuation contribution for tertiary sector employees? Answer: Introduction In this research, the concept of superannuation contribution has been explored which is sponsored by the business organizations as a welfare of the employees. In the recent times, it has been observed that government has made many efforts to encourage and incorporate the contribution of pension fund schemes and superannuation plan in the organisation from the service sectors or tertiary sectors (Smith and Koken, 2011). The main reason behind these plans is to confer after protection to the employees and these plans act as a social security after their retirements. Not only it improves employees social status but also it encourages them the investment for future. Thus, study of influencing factors that decides the investment on defined benefit plan or investment choice plan in the superannuation contribution has been examined profoundly. Along with this, the time value of money concept that identifies and controls the decision making process of an employee has also been illustrated in this research. Lastly, efficient- market hypothesis concept with its utility to the pension fund manager in the context of applicability has been defined. Factors that influences the choice of superannuation contribution choices Superannuation contribution is the amount of money that is contributed by both employee and employer in the same amount of percentage as deposited money. This deposited money is not subject to the tax until the employee is being retired or withdrawal of the amount (Smith and Koken, 2011). The superannuation contribution is a type of pension fund scheme that is used to provide assistance to the employees after their retirement. The amount calculation of the superannuation contribution depends on the schemes chosen by the employees from the alternative. The company sponsored contribution in superannuation is compulsorily made in the deposit account at minimum of 3% to up to 6% of amount of basic salary earned by the employee (UniSuper, 2017). The Australian government is very aggressive and exhibits awareness regarding the contribution of superannuation plan in the tertiary sector for employees as an implementation of welfare scheme for public. Government has executed it mandatorily fo r all organisations in the tertiary sector for encouraging the investment plans as well as social security for the old age or retired employees. Uni Super Ltd. Company is responsible for the monitoring, managing and controlling all the superannuation contribution plans and other pension related schemes in the private and public organisations in Australia (UniSuper, 2017). Superannuation contribution has played an important role in enhancing the quality of life of many of the employees even after their completion of service life. These pension schemes are also necessary to acknowledge the general public about the concept of investment and characteristics associated with it. On the other hand, superannuation schemes are divided into two main plans that is defined benefit and investment choice plan (Pyles, 2013). These choices are given as per the government norms that provide option and opportunity to make the efforts of higher amount of return taking risk being steady in the approach. According to the organisational norms and government standards, these two choices have been offered to the employees, which can be selected with the help of external support or financial planner. All the pros and cons should be kept in mind before selection of the final scheme. There are various factors that can influence the decision making process of superannuation contribution in the tertiary sector employee to avail the best option and gain the highest return with the apt market research (Rattiner, 2010). This research demonstrates factors that affect both the superannuation contribution plan briefly which helps the employees in decision making as follows: Defined Benefit Plan Defined benefit plan is the scheme in which the organisation and employee contribute the same amount in the deposited account (Ellis, 2013). In fact the deposited amount is not imposed with the taxation and other legal procedure till the individual utilise that money in investment or withdraws the amount. It is the lump sum amount which can be calculated with the formula consisting of amount of basic salary which is used to calculate the percentage on which the organisation made the contribution equally as employees salary amount is being deducted. Furthermore, it entails the year of completion of service by the employee and age of the employee (Pyles, M. 2013). This formula enables an employee to identify the fixed amount of deposit that can be raised till last service is provided by him. This amount cannot be changed and is not subjected to tax until withdrawal or retirement of the employee. It provides the security to the employee about the fixed saving for his retirement pension and living rest of his life financially secure. The advantage of this scheme is the least risk involved in this plan and fixed rate of return (McKeown, et al., 2012). On the other hand, there is a well known disadvantage opting this choice is no chance of higher gain as per market expectation and minimum amount determination and payment of retirement amount through formulation of defined or fixed method. Investment Choice Plan In case of investment choice plan employees has to further plan about the choice of investment they want to make or they need (Nicholson, 2011). The investment choice of plan has two measurements that provide the idea of decision making in the right choice of investment plan. First, risk involved in the investment scheme and second, rate of return gained after the investment is made that is no fixed amount of money is received. Every asset has its portfolio in which all the information regarding its life, risk involved and returns policies are determined and which is also a part of market research. Moreover, this asset identifies the investment terms and last amount to be made to the employees after completion of investment period. Uni Super Ltd. manages the asset portfolio of the companies and incorporates the investment plan according to the requirement (Leow, 2009). The invested asset yields the profit which is directly subjected to imposed tax regulation and after that given to t he employees. There are four types of investment plans which are as follows: Secured Funds: These funds entailed with the fixed interest and cash securities in the market Stable Funds: Government bonds and diversified investment in the overseas and domestic shares Choice of Trustees: Shares including national and international companies, private equities and public property as well as infrastructure investment (Maginn, et al., 2007) Share Funds: only investment in the shares with both natures domestic along with international shares The employees have an opportunity to choice between either of these schemes according to the requirement. The decision making of these investment schemes are composed of risk and return features that decides the final decision. On the other hand, the comprehension and self awareness about the investment area and risk involved in this of the employee also influences the choice of investment plan (Hirt, 2010). The knowledge about the investment is very important, if employee decides to go ahead with the investment choice plan while making the superannuation plan for tertiary sector. Lastly, it does not surrender a fixed amount of money; uncertainty of returned amount is the biggest feature of this retirement investment plan. Decision making process with the concept of time value of money The time value of money concept is a very reasonable and scientific concept that provides the value of the amount in the future aspect. It determines the cash flow arises from the present money in the future period of time. In the other words, future value of the current money is calculated on the basis of formulae that is compounding of present value of money as well as discounted the future money to present date (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2016). It is has a vital role in deciding the investment and financial accounting related matters. The time value of money is very essential for financial decision makings especially for the financial manger and planner who investigates and analysis market investments. This concept is used in the examination of decision for choosing defined benefit plan or investment choice plan. This scheme ensures the fixed amount due to be paid after certain period of time like instalments in the pension plan. The employee is free to choose the scheme whether defin ed lump sum amount or investment choice plan has to be taken for superannuation scheme. In addition to this, the last amount of both the schemes can be realised with the time value of money and advantages associated with it to analyse the future value of investment (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2016). The defined amount can be easily calculated by compounding the amount to generate future value of money. In case of investment the assets prices can be converted into future value of money with the help of compounding. Thus, it can be sorted out that decision making is being done by considering the above factors in the superannuation fund scheme. If the efficient-market hypothesis is true, pension fund manager might as well as select a portfolio with a pin illustrate why this is not the case Efficient-market hypothesis is the concept where the entire information related to the investment assets are being disclosed to the public or investors. The entire information contains related lifetime, its position and future aspects and returns from the assets. The hypothesis suggests that all the available information is being provided to the investors that facilitates the amount of investment is equals to the return on investment (Ang, et al. 2011). The efficient-market hypothesis is controversial and denoted as myth because in case prices and all the associated information is provided to the investors related to the assets and operations in the market functions efficiently than it will become impossible to gain the higher return on investment and no fair investment of risk in the market. The function of passion fund manager is to ensure the highest rate of return and a confirmed benefit on investment to the employees that invest in pension fund scheme of investment (Ang, et al., 2011). Its role is to choose the suitable investment option and opportunity to increase the maximum amount of return for the employees. The pension fund manager assembles the assets portfolio that facilitates maximum return and hold least risk features. If the efficient-market is true then, the role of pension fund manager is will become very easy he will choose the asset that can offer the highest return on investment for the employees (Faerber, 2013). The financial economic theory of efficient market hypothesis will lead to control all the investment related decision matters convenient and simple by just choosing the maximum generating asset. In case the hypothesis is not true, the pension fund manger has to identify different and diversified assets that involve different types of risk and returns with no correlations as well. This will ensure that in case, one asset does not perform well in the market; other assets recover the rest of the amount (Faerber, 2013). Thus investment in different assets will reduce the risk and better opportunity to gain in the market with a greater pace. Conclusion In the above discussion, it can be inferred that the superannuation concept is a very useful concept for tertiary sector employees and its choice of schemes including defined benefit plan and investment choice plan are equally important. It has also been found that factors like risk return on involvement and knowledge of employee in the investment influences the decision widely. Along with this, time value of money gives appropriate opportunity to identify the cash flow raised from the investment in the future period of time. Lastly, Efficient-market hypothesis inclusion and exclusion in the financial economics influence the decision making and method of pension fund manager in a very unique way. References Ang, A., et al. 2011. The Efficient Market Theory and Evidence: Implications for Active Investment Management. Now Publishers Inc. Ehrhardt, M. C., and Brigham, E.F. 2016. Corporate Finance: A Focused Approach. 6th ed. Cengage Learning. Ellis, C. D. 2013. Winning the Loser's Game, 6th edition: Timeless Strategies for Successful Investing. 6th ed. McGraw Hill Professional. Faerber, E. 2013. All About Value Investing. McGraw Hill Professional. Hirt, G.2010. Investment Planning. McGraw Hill Professional. 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